Cat's eye nebula

          The full beauty of the Cat's Eye Nebula (NGC 6543) is revealed in this new, detailed view from NASA's Hubble Space Telescope. The image from Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) shows a bull's eye pattern of eleven or even more concentric rings, or shells, around the Cat's Eye. Each 'ring' is actually the edge of a spherical bubble seen projected onto the sky -- that's why it appears bright along its outer edge. 

Observations suggest the star ejected its mass in a series of pulses at 1,500-year intervals. These convulsions created dust shells, each of which contain as much mass as all of the planets in our solar system combined (still only one percent of the Sun's mass). These concentric shells make a layered, onion-skin structure around the dying star. The view from Hubble is like seeing an onion cut in half, where each skin layer is discernible.

The bull's-eye patterns seen around planetary nebulae come as a surprise to astronomers because they had no expectation that episodes of mass loss at the end of stellar lives would repeat every 1,500 years. Several explanations have been proposed, including cycles of magnetic activity somewhat similar to our own Sun's sunspot cycle, the action of companion stars orbiting around the dying star, and stellar pulsations. Another school of thought is that the material is ejected smoothly from the star, and the rings are created later on due to formation of waves in the outflowing material.             The Cat's Eye nebula lies about three thousand light-years from Earth.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
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Stellar Black hole

 When a star of the size three  solar masses burns out its fuel it will become a neutron star  or a white dwarf, where as a star with the size more than three soar masses burns its fuel it collapses and continues to fall on its become a black hole or a neutron star that is very highly dense.            Black holes formed by the collapse of individual stars are (relatively) small, but incredibly dense. Such an object packs three times or more the mass of the sun into a city-size range. This leads to a crazy amount of gravitational force pulling on objects round it. Black holes consume the dust and gas from the galaxy around them, growing in size.According the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, "the Milky Way contains a few hundred million" stellar black holes.                                                                                      Know more about black holes here

Jupiter's core

       Initially people thought that Jupiter had a rocky core. Then in 1997 it was proved that the outer core of Jupiter wasn't rocky but contained metallic hydrogen, that is when hydrogen comes under high temperature and pressure it turns metal. But the pressure should be that of the pressure found in Jupiter's core.   

      The presence of a core during at least part of Jupiter's history is suggested by models of planetary formation that require the formation of a rocky or icy core massive enough to collect its bulk of hydrogen and helium from the protosolar nebula. Assuming it did exist, it may have shrunk as convection currents of hot liquid metallic hydrogen mixed with the molten core and carried its contents to higher levels in the planetary interior. 

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Kuiper belt

                               The Kuiper belt , sometimes called the Edgeworth–Kuiper belt, is a region of the Solar System beyond the planets, extending from the orbit of Neptune (at 30 AU) to approximately 50 AU from the Sun. It is similar to the asteroid belt, but it is far larger—20 times as wide and 20 to 200 times as massive. Like the asteroid belt, it consists mainly of small bodies, or remnants from the Solar System's formation. Although many asteroids are composed primarily of rock and metal, most Kuiper belt objects are composed largely of frozen volatiles (termed "ices"), such as methane, ammonia and water. The Kuiper belt is home to three officially recognized dwarf planets: Pluto, Haumea, and Makemake. Some of the Solar System's moons, such as Neptune's Triton Andand Saturn's Phoebe, are also believed to have originated in the region.

The Kuiper belt was named after Dutch-American astronomer Gerard Kuiper, though his role in hypothesising it has been heavily contested. Since it was discovered in 1992, the number of known Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) has increased to over a thousand, and more than 100,000 KBOs over 100 km (62 mi) in diameter are believed to exist. The Kuiper belt was initially thought to be the main repository for periodic comets, those with orbits lasting less than 200 years. However, studies since the mid-1990s have shown that the belt is dynamically stable, and that comets' true place of origin is the scattered disc, a dynamically active zone created by the outward motion of Neptune 4.5 billion years ago; scattered disc objects such as Eris have extremely eccentric orbits that take them as far as 100 AU from the Sun.

Multiverse

                              The multiverse (or meta-universe) is the hypothetical set of infinite or finite possible universes (including the Universe we consistently experience) that together comprise everything that exists: the entirety of space, time, matter, and energy as well as the physical laws and constants that describe them. The various universes within the multiverse are sometimes called parallel universes or "alternate universes".

The structure of the multiverse, the nature of each universe within it and the relationships among the various constituent universes, depend on the specific multiverse hypothesis considered. Multiple universes have been hypothesized in cosmology, physics, astronomy, religion, philosophy, transpersonal psychology, and fiction, particularly in science fiction and fantasy. In these contexts, parallel universes are also called "alternate universes", "quantum universes", "interpenetrating dimensions", "parallel dimensions", "parallel worlds", "alternate realities", "alternate timelines", and "dimensional planes," among others. The term 'multiverse' was coined in 1895 by the American philosopher and psychologist William James in a different context.

This theory is not proved though. If it really exists , there will multiple you and me at the same place and not knowing the others presence.

Big bang

     The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model for the universe from the earliest known periods through its subsequent large-scale evolution.It states that the universe was in a very high density state and then expanded. If the known laws of physics are extrapolated beyond where they are valid there is a singularity. Modern measurements place this moment at approximately 13.8 billion years ago, which is thus considered the age of the universe. After the initial expansion, the universe cooled sufficiently to allow the formation of subatomic particles, and later simple atoms. Giant clouds of these primordial elements later coalesced through gravity to form stars and galaxies.
 Before big bang even gravity, space and also time did not exist. After a fraction of a second, every thing sprang out from nothing. 
They say a big bang occurs after a old universe collapses inwards and when it is crushed in such a way that there is no atomic space, the gravity  becomes intense.at that point it explodes outwards creating a new universe.

Time travel

     Time travel is the concept of moving between different points in time in a manner analogous to moving between different points in space, generally using a theoretical invention known as a time machine. Time travel is a recognized concept in philosophy and fiction, but has a very limited support in theoretical physics, usually only in conjunction with quantum mechanics or Einstein–Rosen bridges.

A science fiction novel written in 1895 called The Time Machine, by H. G. Wells, was instrumental in moving the concept of time travel to the forefront of the public imagination, but the earlier short story "The Clock That Went Backward", by Edward Page Mitchell, involves a clock that, by means unspecified, allows three men to travel backward in time. Non-technological forms of time travel had appeared in a number of earlier stories such as Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol. Historically, the concept dates back to the early mythologies of Hinduism (such as the Mahabharata). More recently, with advancing technology and a greater scientific understanding of the universe, the plausibility of time travel has been explored in greater detail by science fiction writers, philosophers, and physicists.

 

   Time becomes like the given image.

Higgs Bozon

The Higgs boson or Higgs particle is an elementary particle in the Standard Model of particle physics. It allows scientists to explore the Higgs field – a fundamental field first suspected to exist in the 1960s that unlike the more familiar electromagnetic field cannot be "turned off", but instead takes a non-zero constant value almost everywhere. The presence of this field, now believed to be confirmed, explains why some fundamental particles have mass even though thesymmetries controlling their interactions should require them to be massless, and also answers several other long-standing puzzles in physics, such as the reason the weak force has a much shorter range than the electromagnetic force. The Higgs boson is named after Peter Higgs, one of six physicists who, in 1964, proposedthe mechanism that suggested the existence of such a particle.  
         The Higgs boson (or Higgs particle) is a particle that gives mass to other particles.  It is part of the Standard Model in physics, which means it is foundeverywhere.

    

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Worm hole

                A wormhole is a hypothetical topological feature that would fundamentally be a shortcut through spacetime. A wormhole is much like a tunnel with two ends, each in separate points in spacetime.

For a simplified notion of a wormhole, visualize space as a two-dimensional (2D) surface. In this case, a wormhole can be pictured as a hole in that surface that leads into a 3D tube (the inside surface of a cylinder). This tube then re-emerges at another location on the 2D surface with a similar hole as the entrance. An actual wormhole would be analogous to this, but with the spatial dimensions raised by one. For example, instead of circular holes on a 2D plane, the entry and exit points could be visualized as spheres in 3D space.

   A wormhole can actuallly help travel in space. Say it takes some light years to travel to another distant star, it will only take some years. 

   In the movie, instellar they travel to a star through a worm hole near saturn.

     

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Fuzzball theory

Fuzzball theory replaces the singularity at the heart of a black hole by positing that the entire region within the black hole’s event horizon is actually a ball of strings, which are advanced as the ultimate building blocks of matter and energy. Strings are thought to be bundles of energy vibrating in complex ways in both the three physical dimensions of space as well as in compact directions—extra dimensions interwoven in the quantum foam (also known as spacetime foam).

                                                                                                
                                       
   

Fundamental objects
String Brane D-brane

              
String theory holds that the fundamental constituents of subatomic particles, including the force carriers (e.g.leptons, photons, andgluons), all composed of a one-dimensional string of energy that takes on its identity by vibrating in different modes and/or frequencies. Quite unlike the view of a black hole as a singularity, a small fuzzball can be thought of as an extra-dense neutron starwhere its neutrons have decomposed, or “melted,” liberating the quarks (strings in string theory) composing them. Accordingly, fuzzballs can be regarded as the most extreme form of degenerate matter.
                             
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Schrödinger's cat

                  Schrodinger's cat is a thought experiment, sometimes it is  described as a paradox, devised by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger in 1935. It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics applied to everyday objects. It is a scenario where the cat is both dead and alive  at the same time ,
in quantum mechanics this state is known as superposition.





The quantum-mechanical "Schrödinger's cat" paradox according to the many-worlds interpretation. In this interpretation, every event is a branch point. The cat is both alive and dead—regardless of whether the box is opened—but the "alive" and "dead" cats are in different branches of the universe that are equally real but cannot interact with each other.

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IO

 Io is one of the moons of Jupiter and is the inner most moon of the Galilean moons.it was discovered on 1610 and was named after the mythological character Io.
           With over 400 active volcanoes, Io is the most geologically active object in the Solar System.This extreme geologic activity is the result of tidal heating from friction generated within Io's interior as it is pulled between Jupiter and the other Galilean satellites—Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. Several volcanoes produce plumes of sulfur and sulfur dioxide that climb as high as 500 km (300 mi) above the surface. Io's surface is also dotted with more than 100 mountains that have been uplifted by extensive compression at the base of Io's silicate crust. Some of these peaks are taller than Mount Everest.^[9] Unlike most satellites in the outer Solar System, which are mostly composed of water ice, Io is primarily composed of silicate rock surrounding a molten iron or iron sulfide core. Most of Io's surface is composed of extensive plains coated with sulfur and sulfur dioxide frost.

Io's volcanism is responsible for many of its unique features. Its volcanic plumes and lava flows produce large surface changes and paint the surface in various subtle shades of yellow, red, white, black, and green, largely due to allotropes and compounds of sulfur. Numerous extensive lava flows, several more than 500 km (300 mi) in length, also mark the surface. The materials produced by this volcanism make up Io's thin, patchy atmosphere and Jupiter's extensive magnetosphere. Io's volcanic ejecta also produce a large plasma torus around Jupiter.

                                                                                                               Due to its volcanic activities, the eruptions has given out many ions of minerals needed for life which has made the liquid in Europa rich in minerals.

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Galaxy NGC 4424

Hubble Images a Dusty Galaxy, Home to an Exploding Star

The galaxy pictured here is NGC 4424, located in the constellation of Virgo. It is not visible with the naked eye but has been captured here with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.

Although it may not be obvious from this image, NGC 4424 is in fact a spiral galaxy. In this image it is seen more or less edge on, but from above, you would be able to see the arms of the galaxy wrapping around its center to give the characteristic spiral form.                                                                                                                                                                        

In 2012, astronomers observed a supernova in NGC 4424 — a violent explosion marking the end of a star’s life. During a supernova explosion, a single star can often outshine an entire galaxy. However, the supernova in NGC 4424, dubbed SN 2012cg, cannot be seen here as the image was taken ten years prior to the explosion. Along 
the central region of the galaxy, clouds of dust block the light from distant stars and create dark patches.

To the left of NGC 4424 there are two bright objects in the frame. The brightest is another, smaller galaxy known as LEDA 213994 and the object closer to NGC 4424 is an anonymous star in our Milky Way.
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Europa

          Europa is the moon of Jupiter,it is slightly smaller than our moon, but still is the 6th largest moon.It is made of silicate and has a layer of frozen water and has liquid under the frozen water.

This was discovered because of the fleeting plumes of liquid. As it has liquid which is rich in minerals  in it,it may be  home to many sea life. The liquid under the ice layer remains liquid because of the tidal flexing which is similar to plate tectonics.

     The Galileo mission, launched in 1989, provided the bulk of current data on Europa. No spacecraft has yet landed on Europa, but its intriguing characteristics have led to several ambitious exploration proposals. The European Space Agency's Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer (JUICE) is a mission to Europa that is due to launch in 2022. NASA's proposed Europa Clipper mission may be launched in the mid-2020 s.                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
                         

1996 by Galileo spacecraft. Discovered by Galileo Galilei Simon Marius Discovery date 8 January 1610[1] Designations Alternative names Jupiter II Adjectives Europan Orbital characteristics[3] Epoch 8 January 2004 Periapsis 664862 km[a] Apoapsis 676938 km[b] Mean orbitradius 670900 km[2] Eccentricity 0.009[2] Orbital period 3.551181 d[2] Averageorbital speed 13.740 km/s[2] Inclination 0.470° (to Jupiter's equator) 1.791° (to the ecliptic)[2] Satellite of Jupiter Physical characteristics Mean radius 1560.8±0.5 km (0.245 Earths)[4] Surface area 3.09×107 km2 (0.061 Earths)[c] Volume 1.593×1010 km3 (0.015 Earths)[d] Mass (4.799844±0.000013)×1022 kg(0.008 Earths)[4] Mean density 3.013±0.005 g/cm3[4] Surface gravity 1.314 m/s2 (0.134 g)[e] Escape velocity 2.025 km/s[f] Rotation period Synchronous[5] Axial tilt 0.1°[6] Albedo 0.67 ± 0.03[4] Surface temp. min mean max Surface ≈ 50 K[7] 102 K (−171.15°C) 125 K Apparent magnitude 5.29 (opposition)[4] Atmosphere Surface pressure 0.1 µPa (10−12 bar)[8]

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